Chess (Broadway)

I bought these tickets because Lea Michele was going to be out this week. My co-worker advised that so long as Nicholas Christopher is there, it's worth seeing. And with just our luck, forty minutes before curtain mom got an email saying he would be out for both Wednesday performances. We didn't see that email, and when Anatoly first comes on stage, from the balcony I squinted real hard and concluded that was not Christopher on stage. Too late for a refund at that point. The understudies did valiantly but Christopher has this incredible baritone that we missed out on. Waiting for a cast recording to hear him sing Anthem. It looks like all the television appearances they've done did not include arguably the best, most famous song. 

The re-write of the book for this production was actually pretty decent. The jokes don't land, and in fact are really cringey trying to make contemporary jokes about our current politics. The Arbbiter's fourth-wall breaking was weird. But I liked the recontextualization of the show amidst SALT II negotiations and Able Archer exercises. I thought that was actually quite clever, giving the Cold War context more heft and meaning. And it was actually believable. The Cold War is a game of chess, and chess is a game within the game. And so the CIA and KGB are really pulling the strings behind the scenes to drive macro outcomes more important than this championship, even though there are personal stakes for our heroes with life and love on the line. 

The show is almost completely lacking in set. But the lighting is pretty good. It also suffers a bit with The Queen's Gambit problem, which is that chess is not that interesting. Here, they don't even attempt to show us the chess board. They sing about chess, speaking their moves aloud with no board to follow. The costumes are kind of bland, like something out of American Utopia or they're dressed like schoolkids from Matilda. And for much of the show, they sit on stage for no particular reason. The band on stage is fun! 

All Out (Broadway) (2025)

It sort of plays out like an episode of Saturday Night Live, 90 minutes without commercials of sketch comedy with special guests and musical performances. The music here is performed by the band Lawrence. We got an understudy for Gracie Lawrence, but she (Olivia Puckett) was also excellent. I'd never heard of Lawrence before but I quite liked their music and fun instrumentation. Clyde Lawrence has a fantastic raspy singing voice. The show is basically half Lawrence concert. The other half is sketch comedy, not so much acted out, but read aloud, mostly on book from a seated position. Like SNL, some of the sketches are better than others, some just a few lines long; occasionally an audible laugh but mostly clever chuckles. They rotate the cast. We went for Ray Romano. But the star was really Nicholas Braun, who is basically playing Cousin Greg himself. He's comically tall and awkward. He improv-ed a bit, making his cast mates laugh. Jenny Slate also did a funny sketch where she plays a horse. Not just any horse but Paul Revere's midnight ride horse.  It was fun, the music was good, the show wasn't too long. 

Old Friends (2025) (Broadway)

Stephen Sondheim's contribution to the American Songbook is incomparable. His music is harmonious and his lyrics witty. This posthumous tribute revue pulls all of the best songs from his musicals. They're great songs, divorced from the context of their shows. The comedy and drama of the songs don't land as impactfully as a consequence, but the music is beautiful nonetheless. Bernadette Peters and Lea Salonga are two of the biggest divas on Broadway. Both are excellent. Perhaps the biggest surprise is that they're not in all the songs. They even cede the spotlight on some of the biggest numbers, The Ladies Who Lunch or I'm Still Here, songs made for divas. So I expected a little more of the two of them. I was surprised to find out afterwards that it was an unrecognizable Lea playing Mrs Lovett behind the cockney accent. 

Good way to spend a Wednesaday matinee off from work!

Pirates! The Penzance Musical (2025) (Broadway)

David Hyde Pierce was born to play the modern major general. His straight deadpan demeanor is perfectly suited to the notorious patter song. He's funny as always. There's lots of comedic wordplay and overall the humor worked for me. The play is not the straight Pirates of Penzance you know. There's a bit of a framing device, providing context for the show's original premiere in 1879. Pierce actually plays the composer playing the modern major general. This production also integrates several songs from other Gilbert and Sullivan shows. Songs from HMS Pinafore, The Mikado and Iolanthe. There's a fun washboard number. The ending recasts "He is an Englishman" to "We're All From Someplace Else", a rousing ode to immigrants that gives the production its raison d'etre in 2025. It gives the show some meaning beyond the loony plot. 

PS. the subtitle of the show is "The Slave of Duty" and in some ways that's about dharma, isn't it? 

Floyd Collins (Broadway) (2025)

Floyd Collins is a bizarre show. It's not about a particularly exciting subject. Collins was a real life cave explorer in 1920s Kentucky who got pinned under a rock in a narrow section of the cave. His predicament became a news bonanza, attracting people from all over the country with ideas on how to get Collins out. It was a media circus that became a real  above ground carnival. Spoiler alert, he eventually dies there. Very oddly, in this production Collins remains on stage basically the whole way through, sitting on a chaise lounge, not especially stuck-looking. It's an odd-choice, and there isn't a whole lot to make you feel like you're in a cave. The stage design leaves much to be desired. 

The bluegrass music is kind of nice. The yodeling and echoes looping/harmonizing with itself are interesting. I think the best part actually is the score.  The piano and harmonica parts are playful, quite complex. Adam Guettel is the composer, and for being one of his earliest works I'm impressed by the complexity. Also, I just learned that Guettel is Richard Rodgers's grandson. 

Gypsy (Broadway) (2025)

The little I knew about Gypsy going into the latest revival was limited to a couple songs and an overbearing mother. Rose certainly is overbearing. No one else can barely get a word in. She's the original Dance Mom. It's sometimes painful to watch. As far as I know, Audra McDonald is the first black Rose on Broadway. And it adds a different dimension to the character, dreaming a delusional dream in the 1920s, dooming her children every time she denies them an opportunity to go to school. That both daughters eventually found success is a testament to their resilience. They humor their mother at their own cost. It's a tragedy, dressed (or undressed) in glitz at the end with a tinge of hope at reconciliation, but really tragic nonetheless. 

Audra McDonald is a treasure. She is capital-A acting in those book scenes, heavy accent, emphasizing words, throwing around her stage presence like no one else matters. I'm used to hearing her beautiful singing voice but here she strains her voice. It's not effortless. It's not pretty. It's pained. Her Rose's Turn and Everything's Coming Up Roses hit a register of her voice that's very uncomfortable. It's a tour de force. That's what musical theater is about--it's not just singing, it's acting singing. It's not about sounding good, it's about sounding a character. The power comes from her vision of who Rose is and her embodiment of the tragedy of her life. 

Sunset Blvd (Broadway) (2025)

Jamie Lloyd's revival of Sunset Blvd is extraordinary.  His stripped down play could be described only as live cinema, if there is such a thing. He makes use of high quality cameras to project on a big screen the action happening on-and-off stage. And so it's not just blocking on stage, but actually live cinematography. The framing is stunning. The camera rig is used to imitate a car, camera the steering wheel. And of course they take the action outside at the start of Act 2, singing Sunset Boulevard in Shubert Alley, halting traffic, rain or shine. There's one scene in particular that I loved, where Joe and Betty are talking to each other, and visually Norma separates them on camera, while on stage you see them actually standing in a triangular formation and they move around each other. There's a lot of staring pensively on camera fading to someone else staring. And lots of close-up head shots so clear you can see the pores on Nicole Scherzinger's face.  After the big opening number, there's actually opening credits and it's thrilling. After all, we're watching a cinematic adaptation of a classic movie. True to its noir roots, everyone wears black and white. The theater is very dark and foggy (and sleep-inducing). The lighting is only for the camera to shine on the actor's face, but it's otherwise so dark that you can't see any of the audience behind them. Film noir loves shadows. There is no set to speak of, occasionally a chair, that's it and yet we can still envision it perfectly.

Nicole Scherzinger is phenomenal.  Her voice is so powerful and haunting. I daresay her renditions of With One Look and As If We Never Said Goodbye are better than Glenn and Patti and all the rest. It's a little slower, she luxuriates in the melodies and takes her time. It's all the more spine tingling for it. I think she's too young to play Norma but she is so good. Tom Francis, too, is excellent. His voice is well suited for the title song. The music has grown on me. It's kind of weird that you have really dramatic orchestral music juxtaposed with more ridiculous circus-type music as if from a completely different show. The big group numbers though are kind of fun though. 

And then there's closing credits!

Redwood (Broadway) (2025)

Redwood has a marquee star at the helm, Idina Menzel, belting out song after song. I don't think the show does her a lot of favors unfortunately. The songs are mostly forgettable, many of them solos, but the best one is not even Menzel's number, but the son's. The sound in the Nederlander theater is dialed up way too loud to be able to understand any of the lyrics. I did kind of like the bare set. There are screens all along the back and sides of the stage, going all the way up to the boxes. The projections have the effect of transporting us to a forest, aided by the only setpiece: a giant tree trunk that rotates to reveal a screen on the opposite side. The stage is quite steep and for most of the show they're rigged up to climb up the tree. Menzel even gets a Defying Gravity-type solo as she ascends.

It's the musical equivalent of Wild, that Reese Witherspoon movie with the walking lady.  It's about connecting with nature in the face of personal strife and grief as a means of finding oneself. All to say, it's a little boring. And Menzel's protagonist Jesse can come off as a bit of a Karen. She is not qualified to climb Redwood trees. And she is incessant in insisting people break protocol for her sake. And ultimately she gets her way. 

Oh, Mary! (Broadway) (2025)

Oh, Mary! is the most raucous time on Broadway since Book of Mormon. It's perhaps even more unhinged thanks to the twisted mind of Cole Escola. It combines lots of physical comedy and revisionist history and uncensored gags. It answers the question: how soon is too soon? I, for one, can't wait for the day that we can satirize the assassination of a certain president (who might be gay and whose first lady is a drunk who just wants to sing at the cabaret). It's hard to talk about the wildest jokes without mentioning spoilers. But the whole theater was laughing out loud. So 160 years is definitely long enough. I did not see the ending coming. It's frankly a perfect ending. And then there's one final hilarious scene to put the cherry on top.

Phillip James Brannon plays President Lincoln. Honestly, in a post-Hamilton world, it's not even notable that the white president is played by a black actor. And if given the opportunity, I would go back to see Titus Burgess play Mary for a very limited 3-week run. Betty Gilpin was so good at the physical comedy and the high-octane yelling (and the cockney scene) but Titus is going to blow the roof off that cabaret.

Death Becomes Her (Broadway) (2025)

Death Becomes Her is camp dialed up to 11. The jokes come a mile a minute. The leads (Megan Hilty and Jessica Simard) are fabulous at belting out their numbers, though the music is kind of forgettable. Rather refreshing is that the book scenes are actually really good. They're funny and they're uncensored.  There is one scene in particular with some unbelievable slow-motion acrobatics that puts the magic of the theater on full display. I also like the tromp l'oeil depth of perspective in the set. The costumes and production design are lots of fun. 

And what a year for older stars in showbiz clinging to their youth. The plot heavily mirrors The Substance. And it's not exactly without body horror, as much as you can disfigure someone on stage. But what lengths will people go to for a chance to reclaim their glory days. The Last Showgirl, Sunset Boulevard, etc. None of those are comedies though, and that it takes this theme more lightly is all the better. Even tragedy doesn't have to end so tragically.

The Roommate (2024) (Broadway)

I thoroughly enjoyed The Roommate, starring Mia Farrow and Patti Lupone as two semi-estranged mothers who move-in together in Iowa. It's a two-hander featuring two big older women stars that do their thing. Mia Farrow plays a delightfully naive country bumpkin. Patti Lupone moves in from The Bronx and introduces her new roommate to veganism...and drugs. Patti basically plays her curmudgeonly self (sadly she doesn't sing). Her lines aren't exactly comedic out of context but she delivers them so matter-of-fact they elicit laughs. The two of them are actually friends in real life, and they look like they're having fun up there. Notably mom audibly laughed multiple times so you know it's genuinely funny. 

I would be remiss if I didn't mention the spat Patti Lupone had with Hell's Kitchen at the theater next door. She said it was too loud. It might actually have been a racialized comment. And the music might actually be too loud. And Patti Lupone is kind of known for being a diva that is also right for saying out loud what other people are thinking. Good fences make good neighbors and all that. For the record, we did not hear any Hell's Kitchen from out seats in the Booth Theater. But if a quiet little play without mics needs to compete with Empire State of Mind mic-ed up, I could see how that might be distracting.

Cult of Love (2024) (Broadway)

I had no expectations for Cult of Love, a stressful Christmas eve family drama. I had no idea what it was about. I got this ticket on Culture Pass simply because I saw Shailene Woodley and Zachary Quinto were in it. Little did I know the rest of the cast were also very good and some recognizable: Mare Winningham, David Rasche from Succession, and Barbie Ferreira from Euphoria. And I was very pleasantly surprised at the very engaging play that also features a number of songs, Christmas carols sung by the cast in four-part harmony as well as played on instruments played on stage by the actors (banjo, drums, piano, tambourine, etc.). The cast are not all known for singing but they sing valiantly in harmony. They're a convincing dysfunctional family who learned to sing as kids in church. The plot unfolds slowly and deliberately, secrets withheld until they're released at a time to land most dramatically on the audience. There are themes of mental illness, religiosity, drug addiction, bigotry and family. It deals with heavy themes with some levity.The playwright Leslye Headland has written a cycle of plays about the Seven Deadly Sins; this one is about pride. I don't think it's obvious, not necessarily the most prominent theme. But pride in a religious sense is about putting oneself above God. And I guess they all kind of do that, not least the would-be prophet. But I think in another sense, the four children have a pride represented by a burden they feel to their family; and they each feel like they must be the bigger person to take it upon themselves because the other kids are negligent. It's not exactly pride but it blinds them nonetheless from having relationships with their siblings. And we have to mention the casting of Shailene Woodley, the biggest star in the cast, who has a reputation that precedes her that she kind of leans into by playing this character. She is a would-be cult leader who is mentally ill but presents as an ultra-religious nutjob who is compelled to say awful things to her family. They're stunning zingers that either silence the audience or induce audible gasps. But don't we love to be shocked. 

McNeal (2024) (Broadway)

In Robert Downey Jr.'s Broadway debut, he plays a writer using AI to write his new book. There's a confusing meta plot where he may be writing the play that we're watching unfold before our eyes. It's fine but the gimmick about AI isn't really saying anything new or meaningful about AI. And I bet AI technology improves so much over the next couple years that this will quickly feel outdated. And it's just kind of boring. I did fall asleep a bit in the scene at the agent's office. It's really unfortunate because I like Andrea Martin a lot. She's so funny but I missed half her scene and don't know if she landed any jokes.

There is a plot in here that is very similar to The Wife. McNeal wins the Nobel Prize in literature but he might have sold his wife's writing as his own. Or he might've adapted her story into his own, and does that make it his? There's some gender politics thrown in there. And much to everyone's surprise, he says multiple times that he admires Harvey Weinstein. Just wasn't on my bingo card this year. The character though is very much Iron Man. Robert Down Jr basically plays the same character, and I bet that's why he was cast. He's a macho man who is successful and brazen, fast-talking, generally dismissive of other people--not exactly likeable but on some level respectable? That plays out in real time to as his profiler from the newspaper starts our repulsed but is slowly converted to write a piece about him that's just about as good as it was going to get based on the garbage he's spewing at her.

The set was pretty cool. The sets at Lincoln Center Theater are always handsomely made. It makes use of screens to display the AI. There are some deepfakes that don't really add anything to the story.

Yellow Face (2024) (Broadway)

We came for Daniel Dae Kim and was pleasantly surprised when Ryan Eggold from The Blacklist and New Amsterdam came on stage. I thought he looked familiar but I couldn't quite place him. I thought he might've just been a generic looking white guy they cast. Alas he was but a famous one at that. Funnily, he plays a macho white guy pretending to be Asian. The plot is hilarious with some genuine laughs. It cleverly blurs the line between reality and fiction, drawing from David Henry Hwang's own life. I love that meta plot. David and his father are two of the main characters. Francis Jue reprises his role as the father from the Off-Broadway run in 2007. Some 15 years later, Jue is older, perhaps a more convincing elderly Chinese father. I thought he was excellent. I saw Jue play Hwang himself in Soft Power a few years ago. I think time has probably served this play well. The thorny topics the play tackles are more germane now than ever in a post-Crazy Rich Asians, post-#OscarsSoWhite, post-Shang-Chi, post-Hamilton world. The play does need a lot of background context on Hwang's life. The small cast of seven feature actors who play multiple parts without regard to race or gender, while commenting hilariously on race-conscious casting. They recite lines from real (or we're at least led to believe they're real) articles to place us in context. It's a bit of a cheap conceit but it works. We enjoyed this very much! Lastly, the curtain call was super short. The small cast took their bows and they were off the stage in probably a minute, definitely no more than two. And it's not because the audience wasn't applauding. They were just really brief.
 

The Great Gatsby (Broadway) (2024)

We chose to see The Great Gatsby for Eva Noblezada, who I saw absolutely kill it in Hadestown. Unfortunately, Noblezada (along with 4 others) was out yesterday. Her understudy Traci Elaine Lee was pretty good anyhow, but it's just our typical luck. Jeremy Jordan plays the enigmatic Gatsby and he's fine; the songs suit his voice. The songs are mostly forgettable though. They sound like pop showtunes, a bit too much belting. They missed an opportunity to lean more into jazz for the period. The songs don't really advance the plot at all. And I feel like there was more plot in the book I've forgotten. The best part of the production is the design. The set is incredibly ornate. And the projections are so lifelike; they move and they appear indistinguishable from the physical set so as to appear in three dimensions. The jazz age costumes are also fantastic.   

Hell's Kitchen (Broadway) (2024)

Alicia Keys is a big star with an extensive back catalog. I'm not familiar with all of her songs, but I'm a little more familiar since going to her concert last year. And you could kind of expect that a plot contrived off of existing songs would be corny. Corny writing in contemporary Broadway musicals is not so uncommon though. I could look past it because Maleah Joi Moon has enough charisma to project her New York attitude all the way up to the balcony. Kecia Lewis, as her piano teacher, and Shoshana Bean as her mother, also have ample opportunities to belt it out. Keys chose some lesser known numbers that nonetheless have a bit of Broadway flair. And other songs are re-contextualized, given new life through  different rhythms and harmonies, most notably Fallin'. We got an understudy for Davis, who gets some of the most recognizable songs, but the understudy Desmond Sean Ellington was quite good too. They all manage to channel Alicia Keys in their own unique ways. They're all fantastic, with a special shout out to Kecia Lewis. I appreciated that the audience was really into it, responding well to the jokes and high notes and emotional moments. Always more fun to experience with an audience enjoying themselves. It is fun, I give you that. Plot is a little thin but there's enough there for a satisfying coming-of-age mother-daughter story.

Days of Wine and Roses (Broadway) (2024)

I had never heard of the film Days of Wine and Roses. I went in without knowing anything. And let's say it was much more of a downer than I was expecting. It's a depressing downward spiral into alcoholism. Kelli O'Hara and Brian d'Arcy James are both very good but it's unlike anything I've seen them in before. Every number is sung by one or the other or both of them. There are no ensemble songs. And even using the word songs is kind of a stretch. They're almost singing a sort of jazzy opera. It lacks melody and is atonal. But they're singing through dialogue moreso than singing lyrics. There is a pretty complex piano part, and you can see the pianist sitting above the stage with the rest of the orchestra on the second level of the stage. But yeah, I don't necessarily recommend it. It's a bit of a challenge.

Here Lies Love (Broadway) (2023)

After seeing the immersive staging of Guys and Dolls on the West End, I was very excited to see the transformation of the Broadway Theatre for Here Lies Love. I unfortunately came down with Covid for the second time just the August weekend I had bought tickets for. Morgan went in my place and saw Lea Salonga. Luckily I was able to see it still before the show closes at the end of the month. 

The marketing for this show has seemingly not reached the general public. Any time I tell someone I'm going to see Here Lies Love, they ask what's that and then give a dumbfounded stare when I say "the David Byrne immersive disco musical about Imelda Marcos". Yes, this show's very existence is kind of bizarre. The premise is that reportedly Imelda was known to have partied it up at Studio 54, and so they recreate the atmosphere of a discotheque. The music is by David Byrne and Fatboy Slim, and I'll say it is recognizably in the weird/cool/kind-of-catchy style of The Talking Heads (American Troglodyte especially). None of the music, save for the title song, is especially memorable/hummable but it works. The immersion is cool, but I think not quite as well executed as Guys and Dolls. The stage doesn't rise and fall, rather it rotates and so the audience moves around clockwise with it. And it's quite crowded like a nightclub such that you can't move around as much. And there is actually a proper front where the stage would normally be since the balcony still has seats. It's not actually in the round. I did like the use of live footage though. The all-Filipino cast is beautiful--a wonderful Broadway first. The dance parts were fun too, maybe less so in a seat but I had a grand ole time. 

There is a valid question to ask about whether the show glorifies Imelda. I think it starts in a way that kind of does. The crowd cheers at the election of Ferdinand Marcos and decries Ninoy Acquino's dismissal of Imelda as being too tall (Also, I need a fact check on that because it's unbelievable that Imelda was courted by both Acquino and Marcos). But the show certainly ends on the right side of history. Ninoy Acquino dies a martyr and calls out the rampant corruption and horrors of martial law. And the show ends with two poignant songs: an elegy sung for Ninoy by his mother and an acoustic sung by the DJ to lyrics set to real accounts from the People Power Revolution. I think it's also interesting to note that the concept album dates back to 2010, predating the ascensions of Bong Bong Marcos and Rodrigo Duterte and Donald Trump. The show takes on a different urgency in 2023. It urges us to learn from history because we keep on forgetting.

Camelot (2023) (Broadway)

Camelot has some issues with the book, in that there's too much book and not enough songs. All the songs are nice and pretty but there aren't that many of them and they don't really advance the plot. They sing about the weather (Camelot) and months (The Lusty Month of May) and seasons (If Ever I Should Leave You), which is weather and months combined. Also they cut Follow Me, and the whole character of Nimue. It could use more ensemble numbers. The end of Act I and the beginning of Act II need songs. Philippa Soo is excellent as Guenevere (totally robbed by the Tonys committee). Her voice is so crisp and pure. Just too much talking scenes. Jordan Donica is good too but not as extraordinary as he was in My Fair Lady though he rightfully is Tony nominated. I think If Ever I Should Leave You isn't as perfect for his voice as On the Street Where You Live. We unfortunately didn't see Andrew Burnap as Arthur, but his understudy was pretty good. I know it's mostly straight acting but Arthur has a couple songs and the understudy probably had more musicality anyways considering Burnap has never done a musical. The set and costumes are wonderful. It feels like you're really transported to Camelot. They make use of projections on the back wall and on the cathedral-shaped eaves.  

Plot wise I could see why Aaron Sorkin wanted to do this. It's about a benevolent leader trying to create his idealized world where people are good. And everyone wants him to fail. Everyone doubts him, and they ultimately bring about his downfall because they can't accept the goodness of people. That's how Arthur loses his war against human nature. Is it foolhardy? Or righteous? Act 2 is much darker as Camelot crumbles from the inside. Act 2 introduces critical new characters that I did not care for: Mordred and Morgan Le Fay (a scientist and Mordred's scorned mother in this production who tells Arthur it can't last). The changes are not all sensible as they're often arguing about nothing.

I think you also can't talk about Camelot without mentioning Jackie Kennedy. She may have made it all up. I, for one, kind of find it hard to believe that JFK liked to listen to the soundtrack. It's a nice story. For one brief shining moment, there was this ideal society. Reality of course is that JFK never achieved that. And if anyone really believed he would they were kidding themselves--maybe I'm the cynical knights. Maybe she was trying to say something about adulterers being burned at the stake.

1776 (Broadway)

Roundabout's revival of 1776 recasts America's founding fathers as female and non-binary. This might perhaps be more shocking in a pre-Hamilton era but nowadays the founding fathers are whoever you want to be. Maybe they thought they were capitalizing on Hamilton's success but people love Hamilton because it's good, not for some vague fandom for the American Revolution. The protagonist is John Adams, who is decidedly less interesting than Alexander Hamilton. His main characterization is that he was annoying and disliked. He is strongly pro-independence. And he does not compromise.

The play is pretty boring to be honest. There aren't that many songs. There are long stretches of debate that are completely without music. It really makes you appreciate Cabinet Battle. And the music that does exist is mostly forgettable, and kind of irrelevant. What is that Egg song? I expected bigger for the opener or the Act I finale, or indeed the Act II finale.

The plot is pretty empty. In the first act, they clearly do not have the votes for independence. We're never really told how they convince everyone to come around by the end. There is a discussion about slavery, which doesn't really answer why the southern states become amenable to independence. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention had it pretty good because of slavery. They complain about taxes and mistreatment by the crown, but they have it comparatively good if you consider the way Britain treated its other colonies and certainly if you consider how the colonists were treating their slaves. The fact of the matter is that those who opposed independence were pretty satisfied with the status quo. It's the reason they ignore George Washington's entreaties for military support. We don't really get a sense of why they opposed independence nor what convinces them to change their mind.